Learning Objectives
- Explain how the Classical period (1750-1825) characteristics of order, objectivity, and harmonious proportion relate to the music characteristics of the period.
- Summarize how the American Revolution (1775-83) and the French Revolution (1789-99) profoundly changed political systems and social order.
- Classify the large-scale musical forms in which the Classical masters composed.
- Explain music making in the context of the royal court and the patronage system.
- Define form and absolute music, and relate these concepts to one another.
- Differentiate between the main musical forms of the Clasical-era by summarizing the development of the symphony, sonata, string quartet, and the concerto.
- Define and analyze the symphony, sonata, string quartet, and concerto forms in the context of the Classical period.
- Describe the impact of the major Classical composers Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.
- Discuss the impact of Beethoven's thirty-two piano sonatas.
- Compare and contrast the two types of Italian opera: opera buffa and opera seria.
Classical Period (1750-1825)
Aspects of Art During the Classical Period
For much of this period, the visual arts, dominated by the late Baroque style called rococo, did not reflect the rising tide of reason and simplicity. The rococo style emphasized elegance, delicacy, softness, and playfulness. Interiors were decorated with beautiful gold and white curved woods, crystal chandeliers, pastel colors, and gilt ceilings.
The greatest painter of the French rococo was Jean Antoine Watteau, whose works exhibit the light yet ornate touch of artists of the period.
Later classical artists turned to portraiture as a way of capturing the elegance of the subject. Some of the famous paintings of this time include Duchess of Devonshire by Sir Joshua Reynolds, The Blue Boy by Thomas Gainsborough, and Paris and Helen by Jacques-Louis David. The art of Henry Fuseli (1741-1825) exemplified the interest in dark subjects of the Sturm und Drang artists.
In the 1790s, Napoleon's counterpart in the arts was Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), a painter who became a kind of art dictator during the French Revolution. David painted solemn scenes of noble sacrifice and great historical moments in a clear, balanced, linear style. In politics and in art, the French Revolution was a culmination of the spirit of reform from the preceding generations.
Classical architecture reflected the revival of interest in Greek and Roman themes. Buildings constructed in the United States during the period, such as those designed by Thomas Jefferson, included columns and arches identical to those found on ancient buildings such as the Parthenon in Athens and the Coliseum in Rome.
The sensibilities of the growing middle class were clearly portrayed in the plays of Pierre Beaumarchais (1732-1799), whose Marriage of Figaro (1784) was so disturbing to the aristocracy that it was banned in Vienna and nearly banned in Paris. However, in 1786 Mozart recreated the play as an opera that enjoyed great success.
